What does self-esteem refer to?

Self-esteem refers specifically to how an individual perceives and values themselves, which aligns closely with the notion of self-concept—an understanding of one's identity, abilities, and worth. When someone has high self-esteem, it reflects a positive self-evaluation and a belief in their own potential and capabilities. Conversely, low self-esteem can result in a negative perception that can affect various aspects of life, including mental well-being and social interactions.

To clarify the focus of the other options: identifying and setting personal goals is a crucial aspect of personal development but does not define self-esteem itself. External recognition relates to how others perceive an individual's abilities, which may influence self-esteem, yet it is not synonymous with self-esteem. Lastly, while personal beliefs and values play a role in shaping an individual's self-esteem, they encompass a broader range of components beyond just the individual's feelings about themselves. Self-esteem is more directly tied to the subjective assessment of one’s worth and abilities.